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2020 Jamaican general election
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All 63 seats in the Jamaica House of Representatives 32 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 37%[1] ( 11 pp) Template:Percentile | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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.svg) Map of result by constituency. All constituencies are numbered, with labels at the bottom. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General elections were held in Jamaica on Thursday, 3 September 2020[2] to elect 63 members of Parliament. As the constitution stipulates a five-year parliamentary term,[3] the next elections were not expected until between 25 February and 10 June 2021. However, Prime Minister Andrew Holness called early elections to ensure a united response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. On the advice of Holness, Governor General Patrick Allen dissolved Parliament on 13 August 2020.[4]
The result was a victory for the ruling Jamaica Labour Party, which received 57% of the vote[5] and won 48 seats. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2019–2020 dengue fever epidemic, voter turnout was only 37%,[6] the lowest in an election since 1983.
Background[edit source | edit]
Prior to the election, the Jamaica Labour Party, led by Prime Minister Andrew Holness, formed a majority government. The largest opposition party was the People's National Party, led by Peter Phillips. Either the Jamaica Labour Party or the People's National Party have been in power since universal suffrage was introduced in 1944.[7]
Electoral system[edit source | edit]
The 63 members of the House of Representatives are elected in single-member constituencies by first-past-the-post voting.[8] Voters must be 18 years and over and be a citizen of Jamaica or a Commonwealth citizen.[9]
The leader of the party commanding a majority of support in the House of Representatives is called on by the Governor General to form a government as Prime Minister,[10] while the leader of the largest group or coalition not in government becomes the Leader of the Opposition.[11]
Campaign[edit source | edit]
Only two parties registered to contest the election; the Jamaica Labour Party and the People's National Party. The JLP and PNP nominated candidates in all 63 constituencies. The two parties agreed to participate in three televised debates hosted by the Jamaica Debates Commission.[12]
The People's National Party campaigned for a referendum on removing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state.[13]
On 15 August 2020, the pastors of the Christian right Jamaica Progressive Party announced that the party would not contest the elections due to lack of time to prepare.[14]
Contesting parties[edit source | edit]
| Party | Position | Ideology | Leader (since) |
Last election | At dissolution | Contested | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bgcolor="Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color" | | Jamaica Labour Party | Centre-right | Nationalism[15][16][17] Fiscal conservatism[18] Populism Conservatism[19][20][21] Republicanism Fabianism (originally)[17] |
Andrew Holness (January 2010) |
32 / 63 (51%)
|
34 / 63 (54%)
|
63 |
| bgcolor="Template:People's National Party/meta/color" | | People's National Party | Centre-left | Social democracy Democratic socialism Populism Republicanism[22] |
Peter Phillips (November 2017) |
31 / 63 (49%)
|
29 / 63 (46%)
|
63 |
Slogans and songs[edit source | edit]
| Party | Slogan | Official song | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Party name with color | "Build back stronger."[23] | ||
| Template:Party name with color | "Building your Jamaica."[24] | ||
Incumbent MPs not seeking re-election[edit source | edit]
Seven members of parliament are not standing for re-election:[25]
| Retiring incumbent | Electoral District | Term in office | Reason | Date announced | Replaced as MP by | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Robert Pickersgill | PNP | Saint Catherine North Western | 1989-2020 | Not standing | 22 August 2017[26] | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Hugh Graham |
| style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Evon Redman | PNP | Saint Elizabeth North Eastern | 2016–2020 | Not standing | 10 May 2018[27] | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Delroy Slowley |
| style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Derrick Kellier | PNP | Saint James Southern | 1987–2020 | Not standing | 28 May 2018[28] | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Homer Davis |
| style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Ronald Thwaites | PNP | Kingston Central | 1997–2020 | Not standing | 22 May 2019[29] | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Donovan Williams |
| style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Noel Arscott | PNP | Clarendon South Western | 2007–2020 | Not standing | 14 September 2019[30] | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Luthon Cousins |
| style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Shahine Robinson | JLP | Saint Ann North Eastern | 2001–2020 | Died in office | 29 May 2020[31] | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Marsha Smith |
| style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Leslie Campbell | JLP | Saint Catherine North Eastern | 2016–2020 | Not standing | 26 June 2020[32] | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Kerensia Morrison |
Candidates[edit source | edit]
Candidate nominations were finalised on nomination day, 18 August 2020.[2] The full candidate list is presented below,[33] along with the incumbent candidates before the election.[34] MPs who are not standing for re-election are marked (†). Government ministers are in bold,[35] and party leaders are in italics.
Clarendon Parish[edit source | edit]
Hanover Parish[edit source | edit]
| Electoral District | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| colspan="2" style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" |JLP | colspan="2" style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" |PNP | |||||
| Hanover Eastern | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Dave Brown | Wavell Hinds | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Dave Brown | |
| Hanover Western | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Tamika Davis | Ian Hayles | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Ian Hayles | |
Kingston Parish[edit source | edit]
| Electoral District | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| colspan="2" style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" |JLP | colspan="2" style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" |PNP | |||||
| Kingston Central | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Donovan Williams | Imani Duncan-Price | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | † Ronald Thwaites | |
| Kingston East & Port Royal | Egwugwu Priestly | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Phillip Paulwell | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Phillip Paulwell | |
| Kingston Western | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Desmond McKenzie | Joseph Witter | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Desmond McKenzie | |
Manchester Parish[edit source | edit]
Portland Parish[edit source | edit]
| Electoral District | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| colspan="2" style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" |JLP | colspan="2" style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" |PNP | |||||
| Portland Eastern | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Ann-Marie Vaz | Bishop Purcell Jackson | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Ann-Marie Vaz | |
| Portland Western | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Daryl Vaz | Valerie Neita Robertson | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Daryl Vaz | |
Saint Andrew Parish[edit source | edit]
Saint Ann Parish[edit source | edit]
| Electoral District | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| colspan="2" style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" |JLP | colspan="2" style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" |PNP | colspan="2" style="background:Template:Other parties/meta/color;"|Other | ||||||
| Saint Ann North Eastern | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Marsha Smith | Keith Brown | Vacant | ||||
| Saint Ann North Western | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Krystal Lee | Dayton Campbell | Peter Shand (Ind.) | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Dayton Campbell | ||
| Saint Ann South Eastern | Delroy Granston | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Lisa Hanna | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Lisa Hanna | |||
| Saint Ann South Western | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Zavia Mayne | Valenton Wint | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Zavia Mayne | |||
Saint Catherine Parish[edit source | edit]
Saint Elizabeth Parish[edit source | edit]
Saint James Parish[edit source | edit]
Saint Mary Parish[edit source | edit]
| Electoral District | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| colspan="2" style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" |JLP | colspan="2" style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" |PNP | |||||
| Saint Mary Central | Lennon Richards | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Morais Guy | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Morais Guy | |
| Saint Mary South Eastern | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Norman Dunn | Shane Alexis | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Norman Dunn | |
| Saint Mary Western | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Robert Montague | Jason Stanford | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Robert Montague | |
Saint Thomas Parish[edit source | edit]
| Electoral District | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| colspan="2" style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" |JLP | colspan="2" style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" |PNP | |||||
| Saint Thomas Eastern | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Michelle Charles | Fenton Ferguson | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Fenton Ferguson | |
| Saint Thomas Western | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | James Robertson | Marsha Francis | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | James Robertson | |
Trelawny Parish[edit source | edit]
| Electoral District | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| colspan="2" style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" |JLP | colspan="2" style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" |PNP | colspan="2" style="background:Template:Other parties/meta/color;"|Other | ||||||
| Trelawny Northern | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Tova Hamilton | Victor Wright Jnr | Genieve Dawkins (Ind.) | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Victor Wright | ||
| Trelawny Southern | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Marisa Dalrymple-Philibert | Lloyd Gillings | Richard Sharpe (Ind.) | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Marisa Dalrymple-Philibert | ||
Westmoreland Parish[edit source | edit]
| Electoral District | Candidates | Incumbent | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| colspan="2" style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" |JLP | colspan="2" style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" |PNP | colspan="2" style="background:Template:Other parties/meta/color;"|Other | ||||||
| Westmoreland Central | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | George Wright | Dwayne Vaz | Torraino Beckford (Ind.) Don Foote (Ind.)[b 1] |
style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Dwayne Vaz | ||
| Westmoreland Eastern[b 2] | Daniel Lawrence | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Luther Buchanan | Haile Mika'el (Ind.) | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Luther Buchanan | ||
| Westmoreland Western | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" | | Morland Wilson | Wykeham McNeill | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" | | Wykeham McNeill | |||
Marginal seats[edit source | edit]
The following lists identify and rank seats using the vote margin by which the party's candidate finished behind the winning candidate in the 2015 election. This vote margin is given as a percentage of all eligible voters in the district.
For information purposes only, seats that have changed hands through subsequent by elections have been noted. Seats whose members have changed party allegiance are ignored.
Opinion polls[edit source | edit]
Don Anderson, CEO of Market Research Services Limited, Larren Peart, founder and CEO of Bluedot Data Intelligence Limited and Bill Johnson of Johnson's Survey Research Limited Inc have commissioned opinion polling for the general election regularly sampling the electorates' opinions.
| Date | Pollster | Sample size |
class="unsortable" style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" data-sort-type="number" |JLP | class="unsortable" style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" number" |PNP | class="unsortable" style="background:Template:Other parties/meta/color;" |Other | Lead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 September 2020 | 2020 general election | – | 57.1 | 42.8 | 0.1 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="14.3" |14.3 |
| 21–24 August 2020 | RJR Gleaner Group/Don Anderson poll | – | 37 | 25 | 38 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="12" |12 |
| 21–23 August 2020 | Jamaica Observer/Bill Johnson poll | 1,000 | 37 | 23 | 40 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="12" |14 |
| 20 July–6 August 2020 | Nationwide News Network/Bluedot poll | – | 52 | 34 | 14 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="18" |18 |
| 23 July–3 August 2020 | RJR Gleaner Group/Don Anderson poll | – | 36 | 20 | 44 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="16" |16 |
| 9–12 July 2020 | Jamaica Observer/Bill Johnson poll | 1,200 | 36 | 17 | 47 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="19" |19 |
| 13–20 June 2020 | Mello TV/Bill Johnson poll | 1,200 | 38 | 19 | 43 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="19" |19 |
| 12–15 March 2020 | Jamaica Observer/Bill Johnson poll | 1,200 | 33 | 19 | 48 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="14" |14 |
| 8–18 February 2020 | RJR Gleaner Group/Don Anderson poll | 1,038 | 30 | 22 | 48 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="8" |8 |
| 2–19 December 2019 | Nationwide News Network/Bluedot poll | – | 56 | 44 | 0 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="12" |12 |
| 7 August 2019 | Don Anderson poll | – | 35 | 30 | 35 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="5" |5 |
| 2–4 August 2019 | One PNP/Bill Johnson poll | 1,000 | 34 | 32 | 34 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="2" |2 |
| 28 March 2019 | RJR Gleaner Group/Don Anderson poll | 1,003 | 29 | 18 | 53 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="11" |11 |
| 12 March 2018 | RJR Gleaner Group/Don Anderson poll | – | 26 | 19 | 55 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="6" |6 |
| 25 February 2016 | 2016 general election | – | 50.1 | 49.7 | 0.2 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="0.4" |0.4 |
CEAC Solutions polling[edit source | edit]
These polls are used internally by the PNP.[38]
| Date | Pollster | Sample size |
class="unsortable" style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;" data-sort-type="number" |JLP | class="unsortable" style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;" number" |PNP | class="unsortable" style="background:Template:Other parties/meta/color;" |Other | Lead |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 September 2020 | 2020 general election | – | 57.1 | 42.8 | 0.1 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="14.3" |14.3 |
| 28-29 August 2020 | CEAC Solutions poll | 366 | 41 | 44 | 15 | style="background:Template:People's National Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="3" |3 |
| 25 February 2016 | 2016 general election | – | 50.1 | 49.7 | 0.2 | style="background:Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color;color:#000000;" data-sort-value="0.4" |0.4 |
Results[edit source | edit]
The ECJ reported that 97% of the polling stations had opened by 7:00 AM, and the remaining stations were open by 8:00 AM.[39] The polls closed at 5:00 PM.[40] Election observers included the EU delegation to Jamaica [41] and a domestic NGO, Citizens Action for Free and Fair Elections (CAFFE).[42]
Before 10:00 PM, preliminary results indicated that the JLP had won 44 seats; for the first time since 1967, the JLP was re-elected while contesting all seats.[43] PNP leader Phillips did not give a concession speech, but called Holness privately to offer congratulations.[44] Phillips resigned as PNP leader on 4 September 2020.[45] The full preliminary count indicated a total of 49 seats for the JLP.[46] A recount was later conducted in Westmoreland Eastern which resulted in a tie-breaker being required. The PNP won the tie-breaker, gaining one seat (bringing their total to 15), while the JLP lost one seat (bringing their total to 48).[37]
PM Holness was sworn in for a new term by Governor-General Sir Patrick Allen on 7 September 2020. The ceremony, which was held at King's House, was restricted to 32 people to comply with public health measures.[47]
| |||||||||
| Party | Votes | % | +/– | Seats | +/– | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| bgcolor="Template:Jamaica Labour Party/meta/color" | | Jamaica Labour Party | 407,753 | 57.04 | +6.94 | 48 | +16 | |||
| bgcolor="Template:People's National Party/meta/color" | | People's National Party | 305,864 | 42.79 | –6.90 | 15 | –16 | |||
| Independents | 1,191 | 0.17 | –0.04 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Total | 714,808 | 100 | – | 63 | 0 | ||||
| Valid ballots | 714,808 | ||||||||
| Invalid/blank ballots | |||||||||
| Total ballots cast | 100 | ||||||||
| Registered voters/turnout | 1,913,410 | ~37 | |||||||
| Source: Electoral Commission | |||||||||
References[edit source | edit]
- ↑ "Jamaica election: Andrew Holness' JLP re-elected amid rise in Covid-19 cases". BBC News. 4 September 2020. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2020.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Jamaica Votes In General Election On September 3, 2020" (Archived 12 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine). Jamaica Gleaner, 11 August 2020.
- ↑ "The Legislature". Jamaica Information Service. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ "It's Sept 3". Jamaica Observer. 12 August 2020. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ↑ "Jamaica's Ruling Party Claims Landslide Victory in Thursday's General Election". Voice of America. 4 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link); Charles, Jacqueline (3 September 2020). "Prime Minister Andrew Holness and Jamaica Labor Party retain power in 'tsunami victory'". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link); "Jamaica election: Andrew Holness' JLP re-elected amid rise in Covid-19 cases". BBC News. 4 September 2020. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link); Chappell, Kate (3 September 2020). "Jamaica's ruling party claims re-election victory in landslide win". Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 September 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ "JLP Trounces PNP 49 to 14 Seats" (Archived 5 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine). The Gleaner, 3 September 2020.
- ↑ "Jamaica profile - Timeline". BBC World News. 10 January 2018. Archived from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ↑ Electoral System Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine IPU
- ↑ "Registration Procedures". Electoral Commission of Jamaica. Archived from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ "The Executive". Jamaica Information Service. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ "The Opposition". Jamaica Information Service. Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ black|PNP, JLP agree to political debates ahead of next general elections Archived 13 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine Jamaica Observer, 18 October 2019
- ↑ "PNP vows to hold referendum on whether to remove Queen if elected". Jamaica Gleaner. 8 August 2020. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020..
- ↑ "Jamaica's political party 'of pastors' backs out of election race". Loop Jamaica. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ↑ King, Cheryl L. A. (2003). Wipf and Stock Publishers (ed.). Michael Manley and Democratic Socialism: Political Leadership and Ideology in Jamaica. p. 1. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ↑ Monteith, Kathleen E. A.; Richards, Glen (2001). University of the West Indies Press (ed.). Jamaica in Slavery and Freedom: History, Heritage and Culture. pp. 365–366. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Austin, Diane J. (1987). Taylor & Francis (ed.). Urban Life in Kingston, Jamaica: The Culture and Class Ideology of Two Neighborhoods. p. 13. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ↑ Davidson, Vernon (29 March 2015). "Holness outlines the JLP's philosophy". Jamaica Observer. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ↑ "Jamaica country profile". BBC. 10 January 2018. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ↑ Thomason, Ian (2009). Faber & Faber (ed.). The Dead Yard: Tales of Modern Jamaica. p. 68. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ↑ Wallace, Elisabeth (1977). University of Toronto Press (ed.). The British Caribbean from the Decline of Colonialism to the End of Federation. University of Toronto Press. p. 41.
- ↑ "PNP Manifesto 2016". Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ↑ Simpson, Lynford (17 August 2020). "JLP promises to 'build back stronger' if given a second term". Loop News Jamaica. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ↑ "Building Your Jamaica 🎼 🇯🇲 Bet you Neva know say a PNP Build that!". People's National Party on Twitter. Archived from the original on 14 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ↑ "#JaVotes2020 | Seven MPs not seeking re-election". Jamaica Gleaner. 12 August 2020. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ↑ "'Chairman for Life' Bobby Pickersgill quitting the top PNP position". Loop Jamaica. Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ↑ "Tensions Rising over PNP Succession in NE St Elizabeth". Nationwide 90FM. 10 May 2018. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ↑ "Kellier to step away from politics - South St James MP plans to complete term while grooming successor". Jamaica Gleaner. 29 May 2018. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ↑ "Jamaica Observer Limited". Jamaica Observer. Archived from the original on 22 May 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ↑ "Newcomer keen to widen gap on JLP in Clarendon SW". Jamaica Gleaner. 11 August 2020. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ↑ "Labour Minister Shahine Robinson has died". Loop Jamaica. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ↑ Mills, Horace (26 June 2020). "MP confirms he is not seeking re-election". Jamaica Beacon. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
- ↑ "Constituencies". jamaica-elections.com. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ↑ "Members of Parliament". Parliament of Jamaica. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ "Members of the Cabinet – Office of the Prime Minister". Office of the Prime Minister. Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ↑ "Don Foote steps into fray in Westmoreland Central". Jamaica Gleaner. 15 August 2020. Archived from the original on 2 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Hines, Horace (7 September 2020). "The court will decide". Jamaica Observer.
- ↑ Campbell, Chevon (31 August 2020). "PNP Internal Poll Puts Party Slightly Ahead of JLP to Win Thursday's Election". Nationwide 90FM. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ↑ "97% of polling stations opened on time – EOJ". Jamaica Observer. 3 September 2020.
- ↑ "Polls Have Closed ...Now For The Counting". Jamaica Gleaner. 3 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ↑ Wilson-Harris, Nadine (4 September 2020). "EU ambassador gives vote of confidence to election". Jamaica Gleaner. Archived from the original on 5 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ↑ "Election was free, fair – CAFFE". Jamaica Observer. 7 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ↑ "JLP wins second term". Jamaica Gleaner. 3 September 2020. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
- ↑ Hall, Arthur (4 September 2020). "PNP hurt by JLP strapping". Jamaica Observer.
- ↑ "WATCH: Peter Phillips steps down". Loop News Jamaica. 4 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ↑ "Holness to be sworn in tomorrow". Jamaica Gleaner. 6 September 2020. Archived from the original on 8 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ↑ "WATCH: Holness sworn in as prime minister for a third time". Loop News Jamaica. 7 September 2020. Archived from the original on 10 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
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